A Very Short History of Tanzania

A Very Short History of Tanzania It is believed that modern humans originate from the rift valley region of East Africa, and as well as fossilized hominid remains, archaeologists have uncovered Africas oldest human settlement in Tanzania. From around first Millennium CE the region was settled by Bantu speaking peoples who migrated from the west and north. The coastal port of Kilwa was established around 800 CE by Arab traders, and Persians similarly settled Pemba and Zanzibar. By 1200 CE the distinctive mix of Arabs, Persians and Africans had developed into Swahili culture. Vasco da Gama sailed up the coast in 1498, and the coastal zone soon fell under the control of Portuguese. By the early 1700s Zanzibar had become a center for the Omani Arab slave trade. In the mid 1880s, the German Carl Peters began exploring the region, and by 1891 the colony of German East Africa had been created. In 1890, following its campaign to end the slave trade in the region, Britain made Zanzibar a protectorate. German East Africa was made a British mandate after World War I, and renamed Tanganyika. The Tanganyika African National Union, TANU, came together to oppose British rule in 1954 they achieved internal self-government in 1958, and independence on 9 December 1961. TANUs leader Julius Nyerere became prime minister, and then, when a republic was proclaimed on 9 December 1962, he became president. Nyerere introduced ujamma, a form of African socialism based on cooperative agriculture. Zanzibar won independence on 10 December 1963 and on 26 April 1964 merged with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanzania. During Nyereres rule, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) was declared the only legal political party in Tanzania. Nyerere retired from the presidency in 1985, and in 1992 the consitution was amended to allow multi-party democracy.

Plessey V. Ferguson Essay

Plessey V. Ferguson Essay Plessey V. Ferguson Essay Robinson 1 Taniya Robinson Brennan AP US History August 7, 2013 Plessy V. Ferguson Homer Plessey born March 17, 1862, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Homer was the Plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessey violated one of the Louisiana racial segregation laws and was arrested and appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court and lost thus leading to the decision of â€Å"Separate-But-Equal.† On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was designated by whites for use by white patrons only. Plessey was only one-eighth black but he was still considered and African-American which meant that he must sit in the "colored" car. When Plessy refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested. Plessy's case was heard before Judge John Ferguson one month after his arrest. Plessy argued that his civil rights, stated through the Thirteenth, which granted freedom to the slaves, and Fourteenth, which stated, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall ab ridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law" amendments of the U.S. Constitution, had been violated. Ferguson denied this argument and ruled that Louisiana, under state law, had the power to set rules that regulated railroad business within its borders. Plessey tried to appeal the ruling but was denied, so he took the cased to the U.S. Supreme Court in April 1896, arguing that the state of Louisiana had violated the Thirteenth Amendment. Plessey lost the case and still had to pay the fine. This case led to the decision of â€Å"separate but equal.† It would become one of the Robinson 2 most famous decisions in American history. The court found that Louisiana did not violate the Fourteenth

Geographical Transformation of the Caribbean Islands Assignment

Geographical Transformation of the Caribbean Islands - Assignment Example Prior to the introduction of the Spanish our culture had been relatively insular. This is not to say that we did not trade with neighboring cultures and tribes; however, the drive to settle and explore for distant lands, even if we knew they existed, was not part of our cultural legacy. I would say there were many reasons for this; however, the primary cultural reason was due to the fact that our culture had derived from a group of individuals that were keenly aware of the unique demographics constraints that island lifestyle exhibited. Rather than being able to simply expand and colonize a new area, the Caribbean island ecosystem had taught our people how to manage the resources we had, supplement the ones we did not, and seek to find a way to supply the needs of our people without having to expand outwards. This is not to say that wars did not exist. There were numerous examples within our recent history when neighboring chiefs and tribal leaders coveted the position, riches, or sl aves that another neighboring group possessed. As a rsult, these battles were fought in much the same way that the Spanish fought to take control of our way of life, women, riches, and future. It was in October of 1492 that I became acquainted with what would spell the end of our civilization; although at that time, the ominous nature of the encounter was overcast by the sheer curiosity and fear that many of my tribesmen exhibited. What I first saw was a group of hairy-faced, colorful, and shiny men that I took for a type of embodiment of a god; or at the very least demigods. These men strode upon the sand and the thin thatch that covered the interior of the island with a heavy stride that set them apart from any man I had ever seen. I soon learned that the reason for their heavy and seemingly uncertain steps was due to the fact that they had been at sea, on board ships, for a long period of time. Accordingly, their ability to quickly acclimate to the sandy soil of Mamana was severe ly hampered. Although the fear soon gave way to curiosity, there was also a sense of foreboding that is now all too clear with respect to how the tribesmen viewed the Spanish. Upon coming ashore and making contact with the tribes chief and spiritual leaders, the Spanish wasted no time in seeking to find if there was anything that our people could offer them that would profit them. By standards of our culture, it was not common to greet a stranger and immediately make inquiries as to his overall wealth and a firm account of the things he possesses. For this reason, many of our tribesmen became wary of the way that the Spanish behaved and fearful of what type of intentions they harbored with respect to our lands and to our people. Now ten years later, I have grown to resent the way that the Spanish govern our culture. True, their technology has rapidly changed the way we lived; however, it has not improved the overall quality of our lives. Moreover, the effects of their conquest have meant that our culture, our religion, and our language is becoming more and more diminished each and every day that passes. For many reasons this troubles me. However, the single largest concern I have with respect to this is the fact that my children and their children’s children will grow up in a world that does not even resemble the one

Applying Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applying Learning Theories - Essay Example The Behavioral Theory or behaviorism stresses on the learning of facts and skills as stated by the authorities. For example, school board and the teachers. Behaviorist believes the environment is a great influencing factor in the process of learning. The theory of behavioral learning also contends that contiguity and reinforcement, whether positive or negative, are essential to the learning process. Characteristics Behavior, which is positively reinforced, will occur again; discontinuous reinforcement is particularly successful. Information must be presented in small proportions so that responses can be reinforced ("shaping") Reinforcements arouse similar stimuli ("stimulus generalization") producing secondary conditioning. Principles Practice takes in the form of question (stimulus) - answer (response) frames which expose the student to the subject in gradual steps The learner must make a response for every frame and receive immediate feedback There is a gradual introduction of diff icult questions to get positive response and thus leading to positive reinforcement. The good responses must be followed with the positive reinforces such as verbal praise, good grades etc. 2 B.F.Skinner’s Behaviorist theory works on the similar grounds of conditioning theory as proposed by Pavlov and Watson. They observed that the formation of behavior is essentially related to the external environment .Pavlov established the classical conditioning paradigm. Watson studied overt behavior and concentrated on the conditioning of emotions. Skinner model of behavior is based on observation, he studied environment control on the behavior and explained operant behavior rather than respondent behavior played greater role in life. An Operant conditioning can become a means for behavior modification. â€Å"When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning relati ve to previous forms of behaviorism is that the organism can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus.† (B.F Skinner) Reinforcement is main constituent in the Skinners S-R Theory and a rein forcer is anything that strengthens a response. Good grades, a verbal praise, feeling of accomplishment are all positive rein forcers. There are negative rein forcers that refer to adverse stimulus or response. A great deal of attention is given to schedules of reinforcement and their effects on establishing and maintaining behavior. Behaviorist theory and Instruction Design The Behaviorist theory is involved in the following. Behavioral objectives movement; the teaching machine phase; the programmed instruction movement; individualized instructional approaches, computer-assisted learning and the systems approach to instruction. Based on operant conditioning Skinner's teaching machine required the learner to complete or answer a question and then receive feedback on the correctness of the response. Skinner demonstrated his machine in 1954.Programmed instructions concentrated on the hardware than on the course development. Individualized instructions are used in reading science, math .Computer assisted learning is much a drill, and practice controlled by program me developer rather by the learner. The system approach is employed in the language laboratories, teaching machines, multimedia presentations etc. Most systems approaches are similar to computer flow charts

Narrative about a fictional town named McMinden Essay

Narrative about a fictional town named McMinden - Essay Example The following passage clearly shows that migration is prevalent in the town of McMinden; McMinden is a small city in the farm belt, with a population of 20,000, along the Gilligan river. German immigrants began populating the Gilligan river valley beginning in the 1880’s, along with other white settlers moving west from Kentucky and Indiana, as well as a few black settlers from the South. The concept of sociological perspective is being followed generally in the town as it is followed everywhere in the world. In our general life it is seen that if an Asian migrates to United States then he tends to adopt the same perspective as being practiced in United States. The division of social classes was not broad enough in the previous times as it has become now. The prestige of individuals was not judged upon by their level of wealth but it was rather inherited or attained by their reputation of righteousness. Power existed in the olden times too but it generally was categorized for limited individuals. Nowadays it is seen that power is abruptly managed by a lot of individuals. All these individuals are key players in the decision making of the society. Social classes can also be witnessed in the town of McMinden as shown by the following passage; The richest part of the town is a subdivision built around Lake Elmo.

Analysis of Personnel selling

Analysis of Personnel selling Personnel selling: selling through person to person communications process. (Belch and Belch 2009:593). A personnel selling is different from other communication forms, presented in the message flow from sender to a receiver to directly face to face (Belch and Belch 2009:593). Thomas Wotruba, had a point of view toward personnel selling evolvement, he believes that personnel selling evolves as marketing environment evolves. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Personal selling consists of personal selling evolutions, which are: Provider stage: selling activities are limited to accepting orders for the suppliers available offering and conveying it to the buyer. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Retailers such as Carrefour, spinneys, Awlad Ghanem, will order from Nestle Elite tea, so that they can sell it to consumers. Persuader stage: Market members buy suppliers offering because selling encourages this attempt. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle will convince retailers to buy their products, by giving them offers such as buy 10 elite black tea boxes and take 1 free, and buy 20 elite black tea boxes and take 25% discount on one of the ten boxes. Prospector stage: Searching for buyers who needs offering, also resources and authority to purchase it. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle should search for customers who are willing to take their Elite tea offers and willing to purchase their products. Problem solver stage: Selling requires buyers participation, to discover their problems which can be turned into needs. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle should get feedback if there is a problem, so that they can fix it, and then try to convert it into positive purchase. Procreator stage: creating a special offer to match the needs of the buyer with all the aspects of the sellers marketing mix. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle must search the problems of the buyer and need and creates an offer which will be suitable with customers. The information that we are trying to send to customers is that elite tea is different from any other product in the market and that it delivers a royal experience and taste to who consumes it. Ways of carrying out this information to customers is: Advertisements Telephone selling Face to face selling Personal selling Product: Elite tea can be explained by the seller by saying the benefits of it and what experience will the customer feel after drinking a cup, mainly it will be an emotional motivator. And the amount of advertising and events that we will going to generate to increase the demand of the product that will raise comfort for the customer in the purchasing process. Price: The price is negotiable because it is set based on the rate of purchasing of the customer. That we give for the sales person (spokes person) a range that he can offer the customer more preofable prices. reselling price (sales out) selling price (sales in)    15 12.75-13.25 elite black tea 100 tb 5 2.75-3 elite black tea 25 tb 16 13.5-14 elite green tea 100 tb 4.75 3-3.25 elite green tea 25 tb 36 27-28 elite earl grey tea 100 tb 17 13-14 elite English early breakfast 100 tb 6.25 3.25-3.75 elite English early breakfast 25 tb 19.25 15.5-16 elite dust tea 250 G 11 7.5-8 elite dust tea 100 G Channels: As Nestle divides the market into two sectors traditional trade and modern trade as elite tea is a high quality product and targeting upper social classes, so sales force will be focusing on a specific on modern trade and more specifically in the (MT) will be supermarkets and hypermarkets. And in traditional trade they will focus on groceries in class A areas Modern channels, is selling our products through intermediary retailers whom use new ways of presenting the product such as Carrefour and spinneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, these types of distributors require special training on how to represent the product and how to convince consumers on buying it by cooperating with the promotion department. Traditional channels, is selling our products through intermediary retailers whom use old fixed ways of presenting the product these are small grocery stores located everywhere, they do not need special training. Advertising is very effective as it delivers the message to targeted customers in an entertaining way but sometimes the message could be unclear leading to a misunderstanding. Therefore personal selling can help by providing an individual in modern channel distributors whom can help and explain what the product offers to increase sales and customers perception. We can measure sales results by: Orders Sales volume in each distributor Sales calls Personal selling and PR: PR helps personal selling in a great way as it can create an image for the brand in the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind that will assist sales of the product, one way is the project carried out by the PR department which donates 50 piaster from each pack of tea sold to help under developed communities. Our sales depend on the skills of our force and how they can influence the consumers in buying our TEA. Personal selling Responsibilities: Locating prospective customers: Nestle should try searching for new customers, Nestle sales people must target and hold on to the customers who will be beneficial. Determining customers needs and wants: sales people in nestle collect information on the customers and take decision on how to approach them, the sales person in nestle should identify the needs and wants of the customers, and should be sure that customers are able to purchase the product. Recommending a way to satisfy the customers needs and wants: Sales person in Nestle should get feedback on customers, to see if they have any problems with the product, and what solutions could they offer to satisfy them. Demonstrating the capabilities of the firm and its products: Sales person in this stage demonstrates the beneficial points of Elite tea and why should customers choose Nestle. Closing the sale: This is the most difficult step, because not all sales people are able to convince the customers to buy the product. So in Nestle we try to train our sales force to successfully close the sales. Following up and servicing the account: Our responsibility doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t end once we sell the product, Nestle tries to keeps its customers satisfied by selling extra products.

Male and Female Issues Essay -- essays papers

Male and Female Issues There have been so many controversial issues involving gender equity. Boys have been seen in excelling in certain subject areas, whereas girls excel in others. Most believe that two certain subjects, math and science, boys perform better in. One report that was held in 1992 by the American Association of University Women came to the conclusion that girls were encouraged to "pursue traditional female studies instead of mathematics, science and traditionally male subject areas† (Unger 10.) Although many of these girls are probably very gifted in these certain subject areas, women are being pushed towards certain careers that are not to their interests and desires (Delisle 1998.) One woman who tried to change this was Emma Hart Willard. Ms. Hart opened Troy Female Seminary in 1821, which specialized in teaching females math and science. Before this school, females were limited to certain subject areas including French, sewing dance, art, and English. It was also stated that females tend to have a higher self-esteem if they have a positive feeling of their abilities in those two subject areas, math and science (Hanmer 1996.) On the other hand, girls are said to surpass boys in reading and writing. Gambell and Hunter state, "females outperform males in all areas of reading and writing at the elementary, middle and secondary levels" (4.) Today, there is a smaller gap between boys and girls in science and math. Females are taking a wide variety of courses including the courses that are seen as intimidating to them. Females are becoming doctors and scientists at a greater rate than before. Although there are more and more woman found in male dominated fields, there still is a smaller percentage of fem... ...re is still a bias towards females, and their abilities compared to boys. This is discussed in this article. Basow, S. (1986). Gender stereotypes traditions and alternatives. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. This book discusses both issues in the past and issues today dealing with boys and girls in the classroom. Hanmer, T. J. (1996). The gender gap in schools girls losing out. U.K.: Enslow Publishers. This book supports the idea that girls are still seen as inferior to boys in certain subjects and there is a bias, although sometimes unknown, against girls. Unger, H. G. (1999). School choice how to select the best schools for your children. New York: Checkmark Books. This book gives advise to parents as to what is the best school for their children. It also deals with girls and boys in a private setting, saying they can learn easier.